    @article {AlcarazLopezWolthusen2017,
	title = {OCPP Protocol: Security Threats and Challenges},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {2452 - 2459},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	abstract = {<p class="rtejustify">One benefit postulated for the adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is their\&nbsp;ability to act as stabilizing entities in smart grids through bi-directional charging,\&nbsp;allowing local or global smoothing of peaks and imbalances. This benefit,\&nbsp;however, hinges indirectly on the reliability and security of the power flows\&nbsp;thus achieved. Therefore this paper studies key security properties of the alreadydeployed\&nbsp;Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) specifying communication between\&nbsp;charging points and energy management systems. It is argued that possible subversion\&nbsp;or malicious endpoints in the protocol can also lead to destabilization of\&nbsp;power networks. Whilst reviewing these aspects, we focus, from a theoretical and\&nbsp;practical standpoint, on attacks that interfere with resource reservation originating\&nbsp;with the EV, which may also be initiated by a man in the middle, energy theft or\&nbsp;fraud. Such attacks may even be replicated widely, resulting in over- or undershooting\&nbsp;of power network provisioning, or the (total/partial) disintegration of the\&nbsp;integrity and stability of power networks.</p>
},
	keywords = {Charging Infrastructure, Cyber Security, Cyber- Physical Systems, OCPP, Smart Grid},
	issn = {1949-3053 },
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2017.2669647},
	author = {Cristina Alcaraz and Javier Lopez and Stephen Wolthunsen}
}
