    @article {1770,
	title = {Smart Control of Operational Threats in Control Substations},
	journal = {Computers \& Security},
	volume = {38},
	year = {2013},
	month = {OCT 2013},
	pages = {14-27},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	abstract = {<p>Any deliberate or unsuitable operational action in control tasks of critical infrastructures, such as energy generation, transmission and distribution systems that comprise sub-domains of a Smart Grid, could have a significant impact on the digital economy: without energy, the digital economy cannot live. In addition, the vast majority of these types of critical systems are configured in isolated locations where their control depends on the ability of a few, supposedly trustworthy, human operators. However, this assumption of reliabilty is not always true. Malicious human operators (criminal insiders) might take advantage of these situations to intentionally manipulate the critical nature of the underlying infrastructure. These criminal actions could be not attending to emergency events, inadequately responding to incidents or trying to alter the normal behaviour of the system with malicious actions. For this reason, in\&nbsp;this paper we propose a smart response mechanism that controls human operators{\textquoteright} operational threats at all times. Moreover, the design of this mechanism allows the system to be able to not only evaluate by itself, the situation of a particular scenario but also to take control when areas are totally unprotected and/or isolated. The response mechanism, which is based on Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs) for the constant monitoring of observed critical\&nbsp;infrastructures, on reputation for controlling human operators{\textquoteright} actions, and on the ISA100.11a standard for alarm management, has been implemented and simulated to evaluate its feasibility for critical contexts.</p>
},
	keywords = {Digital Economy, Energy Control Systems, Reputation, security, Smart grids, wireless sensor networks},
	issn = {0167-4048},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2013.03.013},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404813000588},
	author = {Javier Lopez and Cristina Alcaraz and Rodrigo Roman}
}
